orakulli
Anëtar i Respektuar
Ne dekaden e fundit shkenca e gjenetikes ka bere hapa te paimagjinueshme.Nga studimet e fundit te kerkimeve gjentike ka dale qe Shqiptaret jane pasardhesit e Iliro-Thrakeve.
Ne anglisht eshte nga Steven C.Bird.Te dhenat gjenetike te anglezeve te sotem dhe te Shqiptareve tregojne qe perandoria Romake perdori ushtare Ballkanas (Iliria dhe Thrakia)ne Pushtimin dhe mbajtjen e Anglise nen perandorine Romake.
Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin
Steven C. Bird
Abstract
The invasion of Britain by the Roman military in CE 43, and the subsequent occupation of Britain for nearly four centuries, brought thousands of soldiers from the Balkan peninsula to Britain as part of auxiliary units and as regular legionnaires. The presence of Haplogroup E3b1a-M78 among the male populations of present-day Wales, England and Scotland, and its nearly complete absence among the modern male population of Ireland, provide a potential genetic indicator of settlement during the 1st through 4th Centuries CE by Roman soldiers from the Balkan peninsula and their male Romano-British descendants. Haplotype data from several major genetic surveys of Britain and Ireland are examined, analyzed and correlated with historical, epigraphic and archaeological information, with the goal of identifying any significant phylogeographic associations between E3b1a-M78 and those known Romano-British settlements and military posts that were associated specifically with Roman soldiers of Balkan origin. Studies by Cruciani et al. (2007), Perečić et al. (2005), and Marjanovic et al. (2005), examining the distribution of E3b1a-M78 and E3b1a2-V13 in the Balkans, are analyzed further to provide evidence of phylogeographic associations between the E3b1a2 haplotypes identified within the Balkans by these studies and those regions of the Balkans occupied first by the Roman army in antiquity. E3b1a2 is found to be at its highest frequency worldwide in the geographic region corresponding closely to the ancient Roman province of Moesia Superior, a region that today encompasses Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia and extreme northwestern Bulgaria. The Balkan studies also provide evidence to support the use of E3b1a-M78 (in the present study) as a close proxy for the presence of E3b1a2-V13 (representing 85% of the parent E3b1a-M78 clade) in both the Balkans and in Britain.
In Saxons, Vikings and Celts, Sykes (2006, p. 224) queried:
But who were the soldiers of the Roman army? Not all from Rome, that’s for sure. After the initial campaigns, when there would have been a substantial Italian contingent in the legions, the occupation itself was left in the hands of the auxiliaries. In Wales these troops, who would be granted citizenship when they retired, were drawn largely from the valleys of the Rhine and the Danube. It is for Y-chromosomes from that part of Europe that we should keep an eye out as a sign of the genetic influence of the Roman occupation.
Thracian and Dacian soldiers originating from the geographic regions near the Danube, where E-V13 has been shown to have its highest frequencies worldwide, were attested historically and epigraphically in the same regions of Britain where E3b1a-M78 has appeared most commonly in the three population surveys of Weale, Capelli and Sykes. Cruciani's finding that E-V13 was present in 85% of western European males who also were tested positive for E-M78 suggested that E3b1a-M78 could be used as a proxy for E-V13 in most cases, with the caveat that approximately 15% of E3b1a-M78 haplotypes would be from subclades other than E3b1a2-V13. The geographic distribution of E-V13 could therefore be assumed, to a first approximation, to be very similar to that of E-M78.
With the six main subclades of E-M78 separated into their component parts, according to Cruciani (2007) it appeared that the frequency distribution of E-V13 was centered in the region of Albania. The distribution, based upon data of Cruciani (2007, Fig. 2D), is presented in Figure 7. Peričić et al. (2005) also examined the distribution of haplogroups in the same region of southeastern Europe with some differences in populations sampled. The E-M78α cluster of E3b1 was found to be identified closely with the southern Balkans, in particular the regions of the former Yugoslav Republics of Macedonia, Kosovo, and Serbia.20 Frequencies of E3b1α were highest in Kosovo, Macedonia, and Greece, with variance peaking in Macedonia and Greece. A higher frequency of E3b1α in the Vardar-Morava-Danube river system (Serbia, Kosovo, and Macedonia) was noted when compared to the neighboring Adriatic-Dinaric complex (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovinia). Because Cruciani did not include any haplotypes from Kosovo, the resulting E-V13 frequency contour may not have reflected the actual location of the region's peak frequency of E3b1α accurately.21
Figure 8 shows the distribution of E-V13 in the Balkans with the two data sets combined and averaged, and with Kosovo treated as a distinct region from Serbia and Albania. When the E3b1a-M78 data from the two studies (Figure 9) were combined, averaged and compared with the combined and averaged E-V13 data, the resulting (Kriging-based) contour maps were nearly identical. This phylogeographic coherence tended to confirm that, for European populations, E3b1a-M78 could be treated as a close proxy for E-V13. The inclusion of the Kosovo data from Peričić (2005) was significant because it relocated the geographic center of E3b1a2's frequency distribution from Albania (Figure 9) to a point between Peć and Pri?tina, approximately 170 km to the northeast, in the center of the former Roman province of Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia); see Figure 10.
Moesia Superior was roughly rectangular in shape, with the Danube River forming a northern border between it and the ancient kingdom (and later, Roman Province) of Dacia (Mَcsy, 1974, Fig. 60). The Moesi, a tribe for whom the province of Moesia was named, were conquered by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 29 BCE (Cary, 1917). The neighboring region of FV was subsequently conquered in 28 (Mَcsy, 1974, p. 24). This Thracian-speaking region included the cities of Scupi (Skopje) and the Roman colonia of Ulpianum (immediately south of the modern city of Pri?tina). The Roman province of Moesia was created out of these combined areas in CE 6 by Augustus. Domitian reorganized the province in CE 86 into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior (known also as Ripa Thracia).22 With regard to the tribal identity of the natives of Upper Moesia, Mَcsy (1974) has stated, based largely on archaeological evidence:
. . . a general conclusion may be permitted, that the original inhabitants of Moesia Superior were in the main Thracian, but had been exposed to Illyrian influence from the west, with the result that the Dardanian area in particular emerges as the contact zone between the Illyrian and Thracian languages. The inhabitants of Scupi probably spoke Thracian, as a Roman soldier born there in the third century considered himself a Bessus. In late antiquity Bessus was the normal term applied to Thracian-speaking inhabitants of the empire; the lingua Bessica was Thracian.
The Dacian kingdom, immediately north of the Danube and Moesia Superior, was conquered partially by Trajan in CE 106, with the region conquered becoming the Roman province of Dacia Traiana. "Dacian" was a Roman ethnic label; previously known to the Greeks as the Getae, Wilcox (1982), Hoddinott (1981), and Webber (2001) have all identified the Geto-Dacians as people of proto-Thracian descent and relationship. Because of later difficulties with the Goths, Rome was forced to abandon Dacia Traiana and withdraw south of the Danube after CE 270, relocating many Romanized Geto-Dacians in the process. The region (within Upper Moesia) that was settled by these expatriate Dacians became known as Dacia Aureliani. Upper Moesia was reorganized further by Diocletian (after 284) into smaller provinces, being further divided into FV, Moesia Prima, Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea. The administrative capital of Dacia Mediterranea was Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) (Mَcsy, 1974, p. 275), and FV´s capital was Naissus (Ni?, Serbia). "Dacians" (as a Roman-identified ethnic group) therefore presented special problems of identification, since the location of their homeland shifted over time.
The Russian linguist Georgiev (1960) stated that the modern Albanian people were descended from Daco-Mysian ancestors, who had occupied ancient homelands in western Dacia (north of the Danube) and Moesia Superior (south of the Danube). This conclusion, based on linguistic evidence and analysis, was in good agreement with the Y-DNA genetic evidence published .
Ne anglisht eshte nga Steven C.Bird.Te dhenat gjenetike te anglezeve te sotem dhe te Shqiptareve tregojne qe perandoria Romake perdori ushtare Ballkanas (Iliria dhe Thrakia)ne Pushtimin dhe mbajtjen e Anglise nen perandorine Romake.
Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin
Steven C. Bird
Abstract
The invasion of Britain by the Roman military in CE 43, and the subsequent occupation of Britain for nearly four centuries, brought thousands of soldiers from the Balkan peninsula to Britain as part of auxiliary units and as regular legionnaires. The presence of Haplogroup E3b1a-M78 among the male populations of present-day Wales, England and Scotland, and its nearly complete absence among the modern male population of Ireland, provide a potential genetic indicator of settlement during the 1st through 4th Centuries CE by Roman soldiers from the Balkan peninsula and their male Romano-British descendants. Haplotype data from several major genetic surveys of Britain and Ireland are examined, analyzed and correlated with historical, epigraphic and archaeological information, with the goal of identifying any significant phylogeographic associations between E3b1a-M78 and those known Romano-British settlements and military posts that were associated specifically with Roman soldiers of Balkan origin. Studies by Cruciani et al. (2007), Perečić et al. (2005), and Marjanovic et al. (2005), examining the distribution of E3b1a-M78 and E3b1a2-V13 in the Balkans, are analyzed further to provide evidence of phylogeographic associations between the E3b1a2 haplotypes identified within the Balkans by these studies and those regions of the Balkans occupied first by the Roman army in antiquity. E3b1a2 is found to be at its highest frequency worldwide in the geographic region corresponding closely to the ancient Roman province of Moesia Superior, a region that today encompasses Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia and extreme northwestern Bulgaria. The Balkan studies also provide evidence to support the use of E3b1a-M78 (in the present study) as a close proxy for the presence of E3b1a2-V13 (representing 85% of the parent E3b1a-M78 clade) in both the Balkans and in Britain.
In Saxons, Vikings and Celts, Sykes (2006, p. 224) queried:
But who were the soldiers of the Roman army? Not all from Rome, that’s for sure. After the initial campaigns, when there would have been a substantial Italian contingent in the legions, the occupation itself was left in the hands of the auxiliaries. In Wales these troops, who would be granted citizenship when they retired, were drawn largely from the valleys of the Rhine and the Danube. It is for Y-chromosomes from that part of Europe that we should keep an eye out as a sign of the genetic influence of the Roman occupation.
Thracian and Dacian soldiers originating from the geographic regions near the Danube, where E-V13 has been shown to have its highest frequencies worldwide, were attested historically and epigraphically in the same regions of Britain where E3b1a-M78 has appeared most commonly in the three population surveys of Weale, Capelli and Sykes. Cruciani's finding that E-V13 was present in 85% of western European males who also were tested positive for E-M78 suggested that E3b1a-M78 could be used as a proxy for E-V13 in most cases, with the caveat that approximately 15% of E3b1a-M78 haplotypes would be from subclades other than E3b1a2-V13. The geographic distribution of E-V13 could therefore be assumed, to a first approximation, to be very similar to that of E-M78.
With the six main subclades of E-M78 separated into their component parts, according to Cruciani (2007) it appeared that the frequency distribution of E-V13 was centered in the region of Albania. The distribution, based upon data of Cruciani (2007, Fig. 2D), is presented in Figure 7. Peričić et al. (2005) also examined the distribution of haplogroups in the same region of southeastern Europe with some differences in populations sampled. The E-M78α cluster of E3b1 was found to be identified closely with the southern Balkans, in particular the regions of the former Yugoslav Republics of Macedonia, Kosovo, and Serbia.20 Frequencies of E3b1α were highest in Kosovo, Macedonia, and Greece, with variance peaking in Macedonia and Greece. A higher frequency of E3b1α in the Vardar-Morava-Danube river system (Serbia, Kosovo, and Macedonia) was noted when compared to the neighboring Adriatic-Dinaric complex (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovinia). Because Cruciani did not include any haplotypes from Kosovo, the resulting E-V13 frequency contour may not have reflected the actual location of the region's peak frequency of E3b1α accurately.21
Figure 8 shows the distribution of E-V13 in the Balkans with the two data sets combined and averaged, and with Kosovo treated as a distinct region from Serbia and Albania. When the E3b1a-M78 data from the two studies (Figure 9) were combined, averaged and compared with the combined and averaged E-V13 data, the resulting (Kriging-based) contour maps were nearly identical. This phylogeographic coherence tended to confirm that, for European populations, E3b1a-M78 could be treated as a close proxy for E-V13. The inclusion of the Kosovo data from Peričić (2005) was significant because it relocated the geographic center of E3b1a2's frequency distribution from Albania (Figure 9) to a point between Peć and Pri?tina, approximately 170 km to the northeast, in the center of the former Roman province of Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia); see Figure 10.
Moesia Superior was roughly rectangular in shape, with the Danube River forming a northern border between it and the ancient kingdom (and later, Roman Province) of Dacia (Mَcsy, 1974, Fig. 60). The Moesi, a tribe for whom the province of Moesia was named, were conquered by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 29 BCE (Cary, 1917). The neighboring region of FV was subsequently conquered in 28 (Mَcsy, 1974, p. 24). This Thracian-speaking region included the cities of Scupi (Skopje) and the Roman colonia of Ulpianum (immediately south of the modern city of Pri?tina). The Roman province of Moesia was created out of these combined areas in CE 6 by Augustus. Domitian reorganized the province in CE 86 into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior (known also as Ripa Thracia).22 With regard to the tribal identity of the natives of Upper Moesia, Mَcsy (1974) has stated, based largely on archaeological evidence:
. . . a general conclusion may be permitted, that the original inhabitants of Moesia Superior were in the main Thracian, but had been exposed to Illyrian influence from the west, with the result that the Dardanian area in particular emerges as the contact zone between the Illyrian and Thracian languages. The inhabitants of Scupi probably spoke Thracian, as a Roman soldier born there in the third century considered himself a Bessus. In late antiquity Bessus was the normal term applied to Thracian-speaking inhabitants of the empire; the lingua Bessica was Thracian.
The Dacian kingdom, immediately north of the Danube and Moesia Superior, was conquered partially by Trajan in CE 106, with the region conquered becoming the Roman province of Dacia Traiana. "Dacian" was a Roman ethnic label; previously known to the Greeks as the Getae, Wilcox (1982), Hoddinott (1981), and Webber (2001) have all identified the Geto-Dacians as people of proto-Thracian descent and relationship. Because of later difficulties with the Goths, Rome was forced to abandon Dacia Traiana and withdraw south of the Danube after CE 270, relocating many Romanized Geto-Dacians in the process. The region (within Upper Moesia) that was settled by these expatriate Dacians became known as Dacia Aureliani. Upper Moesia was reorganized further by Diocletian (after 284) into smaller provinces, being further divided into FV, Moesia Prima, Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea. The administrative capital of Dacia Mediterranea was Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) (Mَcsy, 1974, p. 275), and FV´s capital was Naissus (Ni?, Serbia). "Dacians" (as a Roman-identified ethnic group) therefore presented special problems of identification, since the location of their homeland shifted over time.
The Russian linguist Georgiev (1960) stated that the modern Albanian people were descended from Daco-Mysian ancestors, who had occupied ancient homelands in western Dacia (north of the Danube) and Moesia Superior (south of the Danube). This conclusion, based on linguistic evidence and analysis, was in good agreement with the Y-DNA genetic evidence published .
